Next 1.1 Overall anatomy of the human ear 1.2 Anatomy of the human middle ear 1.2 Anatomy of the human middle ear (cont'd) 1.2 Anatomy of the human middle ear (cont'd) 1.2 Anatomy of the human middle ear (cont'd) 1.2 Anatomy of the human middle ear (cont'd) 1.3.1 Air cavities 1.3.2 Eardrum configuration 1.3.2 Eardrum configuration (cont'd) 1.3.2 Eardrum configuration (cont'd) 1.3.3 Ossicles 1.3.4 Anterior mallear attachment 1.3.5 Posterior incudal ligament 1.3.5 Posterior incudal ligament (cont'd) 1.3.6 Muscles 1.4 Changes with age 1.4 Changes with age (cont'd) 1.5 Human ear in macroscopic sections 1.6.1 Overview 1.6.1 Overview (cont'd) 1.6.2 Stapes 1.6.2 Stapes (cont'd) 1.6.2 Stapes (cont'd) 1.6.2 Stapes (cont'd) 1.6.3 Lenticular process of incus 1.6.3 Lenticular process of incus (cont'd) 1.6.3 Lenticular process of incus (cont'd) 1.6.3 Lenticular process of incus (cont'd) 1.6.3 Lenticular process of incus (cont'd) 1.6.3 Lenticular process of incus (cont'd) 1.7 Eardrum microstructure 1.7 Eardrum microstructure (cont'd) 1.7 Eardrum microstructure (cont'd) 2.1 Middle ear as transformer 2.1.1 Surface area 2.1.1 Surface area (cont'd) 2.1.2 Lever arm 2.1.3 Curvature 2.1.3 Curvature (cont'd) 2.1.3 Curvature (cont'd) 2.1.4 Combination 42 of 81 3.1.1 Békésy (1941) 3.1.2 Khanna (1970) 3.1.3 Other 3.1.3 Other (cont'd) 3.1.3 Other (cont'd) 3.2.1 Khanna (1970) 3.2.1 Khanna (1970) (cont'd) 3.2.2 Khanna & Decraemer (1997) 3.2.2 Khanna & Decraemer (1997) (cont'd) 3.2.2 Khanna & Decraemer (1997) (cont'd) 3.2.2 Khanna & Decraemer (1997) (cont'd) 3.2.2 Khanna & Decraemer (1997) (cont'd) 3.2.2 Khanna & Decraemer (1997) (cont'd) 3.2.3 Maftoon et al. (2013) 3.2.3 Maftoon et al. (2013) (cont'd) 3.2.3 Maftoon et al. (2013) (cont'd) 3.2.3 Maftoon et al. (2013) (cont'd) 3.3 Ossicular vibrations 3.3 Ossicular vibrations (cont'd) 3.3 Ossicular vibrations (cont'd) 3.3 Ossicular vibrations (cont'd) 3.3 Ossicular vibrations (cont'd) 3.3 Ossicular vibrations (cont'd) 3.4 Static pressurization 3.4 Static pressurization (cont'd) 3.4 Static pressurization (cont'd) 3.5.2 Indentation, etc. 3.5.3 Békésy (1949) 3.5.3 Békésy (1949) (cont'd) 3.5.4 Kirikae (1960) 3.5.5 Decraemer (1980) 3.5.6 Cheng, Dai & Gan (2007) 3.6.1 Voss <em>et al.</em> (2000) 3.6.2 Ellaham <em>et al.</em> (2007) 3.6.3 Todd (2005) 4.1 Sizes 4.2 Displacements 4.3 Time scales 4.4 Tissue types

2.2 Middle-ear muscles

Zebras grazing

Functions:

  • middle-ear reflex is too slow for protection against sudden noises
  • muscles attenuate low-frequency sounds
  • muscles reduce masking of high-frequency sounds by low-frequency sounds
    Pang and Guinan, JASA 102(6): 3576 (1997)
  • dynamic tuning?
leopard stalking

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BMDE-501 Modelling middle-ear mechanics

R. Funnell
Last modified: 2024-01-06 19:31:54

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