Next Finite-Element Modelling of<br> Nonlinear Behaviour of the Middle Ear 1. Outline 2. Nonlinear behaviour of the middle ear 2. Nonlinear behaviour of the middle ear (cont'd) 2. Nonlinear behaviour of the middle ear (cont'd) 3.1 Stuhlman (1937) 3.2 Stuhmiller (1989) 3.3 Price & Kalb (1991) 3.4 Chen (1993) 3.5 Wada & Kobayashi (1990) 3.6 Pascal <em>et al.</em> (1998) 4.1 What? 4.2 Why? 4.3.1 Choice of element geometry 4.3.2.1 Type of problem 4.3.2.2 Assumptions about mechanical behaviour 4.3.2.3 Material laws 4.3.2.4 Methods for formulation 4.3.3 Mesh generation 4.3.4 Specification of material properties 4.3.5.1 Linear calculation of static responses 4.3.5.2 Natural frequencies and modes 4.3.5.3 Time-domain responses and frequency responses 4.3.6 Testing for convergence 5. Nonlinear finite-element modelling 5.1 Solution methods 5.1 Solution methods (cont'd) 5.2 Sources of nonlinearity 6. Nonlinear behaviour of tissues 6. Nonlinear behaviour of tissues (cont'd) 6.1 Bone 6.2 Soft tissues 6.2.1 Hysteresis 6.2.2 Preconditioning 6.2.3 Rate dependence 6.2.4 Creep and relaxation 37 of 41 7. Example (cont'd) 8.3 Free 9. Acknowledgements 10. References

7. Example

Some of the issues can be illustrated by nonlinear simulations of the cat eardrum.

Black curve is from a simulation with only geometrical nonlinearities. Coloured curves are from three experimental pressure-loading cycles.

(From the Ph.D. thesis of H. M. Ladak, the experimental part of which was done in the laboratory of W. F. Decraemer.)


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R. Funnell
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