Next Finite-Element Modelling of<br> Nonlinear Behaviour of the Middle Ear 1. Outline 2. Nonlinear behaviour of the middle ear 2. Nonlinear behaviour of the middle ear (cont'd) 2. Nonlinear behaviour of the middle ear (cont'd) 3.1 Stuhlman (1937) 3.2 Stuhmiller (1989) 3.3 Price & Kalb (1991) 3.4 Chen (1993) 3.5 Wada & Kobayashi (1990) 3.6 Pascal <em>et al.</em> (1998) 4.1 What? 4.2 Why? 4.3.1 Choice of element geometry 4.3.2.1 Type of problem 4.3.2.2 Assumptions about mechanical behaviour 4.3.2.3 Material laws 4.3.2.4 Methods for formulation 4.3.3 Mesh generation 4.3.4 Specification of material properties 4.3.5.1 Linear calculation of static responses 4.3.5.2 Natural frequencies and modes 4.3.5.3 Time-domain responses and frequency responses 4.3.6 Testing for convergence 5. Nonlinear finite-element modelling 5.1 Solution methods 5.1 Solution methods (cont'd) 5.2 Sources of nonlinearity 6. Nonlinear behaviour of tissues 6. Nonlinear behaviour of tissues (cont'd) 6.1 Bone 6.2 Soft tissues 6.2.1 Hysteresis 34 of 41 6.2.3 Rate dependence 6.2.4 Creep and relaxation 7. Example 7. Example (cont'd) 8.3 Free 9. Acknowledgements 10. References

6.2.2 Preconditioning

When the tissue is loaded and unloaded repeatedly, the loop shifts.

The loop tends to converge to a fixed form but may take many cycles to do so. Once the loop is unchanging, the tissue is said to have been ‘preconditioned’. If the nature of the cyclic loading is then changed, the preconditioning must be done again.

Modellers seldom attempt to model this phenomenon, but it may be important in the ear.


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R. Funnell
Last modified: Sun, 2002 Jan 27 17:15:20
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